Language
Languages of Russia
Russia. 142,008,838. Population includes Europe and Asia regions. National or official language: Russian. See Russia, Europe and Russia, Asia for languages in the European and Asian regions, respectively. Literacy rate: 98% to 99%. Information mainly from T. Sebeok 1963; B. Comrie 1987; A. E. Kibrik 1991. Blind population: 350,000 in the former USSR (1982 WCE). Deaf institutions: 22. The number of languages listed for Russia is 105. Of those, 101 are living languages and 4 are extinct.
Abaza
[abq] 34,800 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 44,895. Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Also spoken in Germany, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: Abazin, Abazintsy, Ashuwa. Dialects: Tapanta, Ashkaraua (Ashkar), Bezshagh. Some dialects are partially intelligible with Abkhaz. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Adyghe
[ady] 125,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 499,180. Adygea Republic. Maikop is the capital. Also spoken in Australia, Egypt, France, Germany, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Macedonia, Netherlands, Syria, Turkey (Asia), USA. Alternate names: Circassian, Lower Circassian, Kiakh, Kjax, West Circassian, Adygei, Adygey. Dialects: Shapsug (Sapsug), Xakuchi, Bezhedukh (Bzedux, Bzhedug, Bezhehux-Temirgoi, Temirgoj, Chemgui), Abadzex (Abadekh, Abadzeg), Natuzaj (Natukhai). Closest to Kabardian. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian.
Aghul
[agx] 17,373 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 17,405. Ethnic population: 17,728 in Russia (1989 census). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan. Alternate names: Agul, Aghulshuy, Aguly. Dialects: Koshan, Keren, Gekxun, Agul. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Akhvakh
[akv] 3,500 (1990). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Axvax. Dialects: Kaxib, Northern Akhvakh, Southern Akhvakh (Tlyanub, Tsegob). 'Dialects' are diverse; speakers communicate in Avar. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Andi
[ani] 10,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Andii, Qwannab, Andiy. Dialects: Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, Gagatl, Zilo. Dialects appear to be quite divergent. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Archi
[aqc] 1,000 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan. Alternate names: Archin, Archintsy. Dialects: One of the most divergent of the Lezgian languages. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Archi.
Avar
[ava] 556,000 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 600,959. Southern Dagestan ASSR and Terek and Sulak river areas. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: Avaro, Dagestani. Dialects: Salatav, Kunzakh (Xunzax, Northern Avar), Keleb, Bacadin, Untib, Shulanin, Kaxib, Hid, Andalal-Gxdatl, Karax (Karakh), Batlux, Ancux (Antsukh), Zakataly (Char). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Avar.
Bagvalal
[kva] 2,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Kvanadin, Kvanada, Bagwalal, Bagulal, Bagvalin, Barbalin. Dialects: Tlisi. Close to Tindin. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Bashkir
[bak] 1,800,000 in Russia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 1,871,383. Baskir ASSR, between the Volga River and Ural Mountains, and beyond the Urals. Ufa is the capital. Over 61% of the people live in cities. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Basquort, Bashkort. Dialects: Kuvakan (Mountain Bashkir), Yurmaty (Steppe Bashkir), Burzhan (Western Bashkir). Close to Tatar. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Bezhta
[kap] 3,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 4,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Bezhita, Bezheta, Bezhti, Bexita, Bechitin, Kapucha, Kupuca, Kapuchin. Dialects: Bezhta, Tlyadaly, Khocharkhotin. A separate language from Hunzib (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, East Tsezic.
Botlikh
[bph] 5,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Botlix. Dialects: Botlikh, Zibirkhalin. Close to Andi. Godoberi is a separate language (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Chamalal
[cji] 5,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Camalal, Chamalin. Dialects: Gadyri (Gachitl-Kvankhi), Gakvari (Agvali-Richaganik-Tsumada-Urukh), Gigatl. Dialects are quite distinct. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Chechen
[che] 944,600 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 955,600. Ethnic population: 956,879. Chechnya, north Caucasus. The capital is Syelzha Ghaala (Chechen name) or Grozny (Groznii; Russian name). 80% live in rural areas. Also spoken in Georgia, Germany, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Turkey (Asia), Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Nokhchiin, Nokchiin Muott, Galancho. Dialects: Ploskost, Itumkala (Shatoi), Melkhin, Kistin, Cheberloi, Akkin (Aux). Melkhi is the transitional dialect to Ingush. Chechen is at least partially intelligible with Ingush, more so with contact. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Chuvash
[chv] 1,800,000 in Russia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 1,834,394. Chuvashia, east of Moscow, near the Volga River. Cheboksary is their capital. About half live in towns (1995). Also spoken in Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Bulgar. Dialects: Anatri, Viryal. The only extant language in the Bolgar branch of Turkic. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Bolgar.
Dargwa
[dar] 365,000 in the former USSR (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 371,488. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Dargin, Dargi, Dargintsy, Khiurkilinskii. Dialects: Cudaxar (Tsudakhar), Akusha (Urkarax, Urakha-Akhush, Akkhusha), Uraxa-Axusha, Kajtak (Xajdak, Kaitak, Kaytak), Kubachi (Kubachin, Kubachintsy, Ughbug), Dejbuk, Xarbuk, Muirin, Sirxin, Itsari, Chirag. Kaytag, Kubachin, Itsari, and Chirag may be separate languages from Dargwa. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Dargi.
Dido
[ddo] 7,000 (1994 UBS). Ethnic population: 8,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Didoi, Tsez, Cez, Tsezy, Tsuntin. Dialects: Sagadin. Sagadin dialect is most distinct. Slight dialect differences from village to village. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Domari
[rmt] Karachi dialect is in the Caucasus, Luli and Maznoug in Uzbekistan. Dialects: Karachi, Luli, Maznoug. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom.
Erzya
[myv] 440,000 in Russia. Population total all countries: 517,575. Mordovian Republic, northern and eastern. Also in the adjacent regions of Nizhni Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Samara, Buguruslan, and the republics of Chuvassia, Tatarstan, and Bashkortostan. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Mordvin-Erzya, Mordvin, Erzia. Dialects: Quite different from Moksha. Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Finnish
[fin] 17,050 in Russia (2000). Ethnic population: 77,000 in Russia (1979 census). St. Petersburg area, Ingria Region. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ghodoberi
[gdo] 3,000 (1996). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Godoberi, Godoberin. Dialects: Close to Andi. A separate language from Botlikh (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Hinukh
[gin] 200 (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 300 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Ginukh, Ginux, Ginukhtsy, Hinux. Dialects: Close to Tsez (Dido) but probably not inherently intelligible. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Hunzib
[huz] 2,000 (1995 H. Ven den Berg). Ethnic population: 2,000. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Gunzib, Xunzal, Khunzaly, Khunzal, Enzeb. Dialects: A separate language from Bezhta (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, East Tsezic.
Ingrian
[izh] 302 (1989 census). Ethnic population: 820 (1989 census). Baltic area, Kingisepp and Lomonosov areas of St. Petersburg Oblast. Alternate names: Izhor. Dialects: Soykin, Khava, Lower Luzh, Oredezh (Upper Luzh). Close to Karelian but the government considers them separate languages. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ingush
[inh] 230,315 in Russia (1989 census). Ethnic population: 237,438. Chechen Ingushetia, northern Caucasus, west of the Chechen. Vladikavkaz (Ordzhhonikidze) is the main city. Nazran in the lowlands is an important market town. 64.6% live in rural areas. Since 1992 up to 60,000 Ingush refugees are reported to be in Ingushetia. Also spoken in Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Ghalghay, Ingus. Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with Chechen, more so with contact. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Judeo-Tat
[jdt] 7,000 in Russia (1989 census). Dagestan ASSR, Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkar ASSR, in villages and ancient cities of the Caucasus mountains (Derbent, Makhachkale, Nalchik, Majalis, Pyatigorsk). Until recently they were in Grozny in Checheno-Ingush. None in Iran. Alternate names: Judeo-Tatic, Hebrew Tat.
Kabardian
[kbd] 443,000 in Russia. Population includes 46,000 Cherkes in Russia (1993 UBS), 97% speak it as first language. Population total all countries: 1,012,000. Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachai-Cherkessia. Naltshik is the capital. Also spoken in Saudi Arabia, Turkey (Asia), USA. Alternate names: Beslenei, Upper Circassian, East Circassian, Kabardino-Cherkes, Kabardo-Cherkes. Dialects: Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian.
Kalmyk-Oirat
[xal] 174,000 Kalmyk in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 518,500. The Kalmyk are in Kalmykia, the steppes between the Don and Volga rivers, lower Volga Region, now the Astrakhan Province. The capital is Elista. The Dorbot and Torgut live between the Volga and the Don, west of the Caspian and north of the Caucasus, in the Republic of Kalmykia. Also spoken in China, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Taiwan, USA. Alternate names: Kalmuk, Kalmuck, Kalmack, Qalmaq, Kalmytskii Jazyk, Khal:mag, Oirat, Volga Oirat, European Oirat, Western Mongolian. Dialects: Buzawa, Oirat, Torgut (Torguut, Torguud, Torghud, Torghoud), Dörböt (Dörböd, Derbet), Sart Qalmaq. Their language has diverged from other Mongolian languages and they are called 'Kalmyk' in Russia; 'Oirat' in China and Mongolia. In USA Kalmyk has not been heavily influenced by Russian as it has been in Russia. Different from other varieties in China called Oirat, which are sometimes called 'Asiatic Oirat'. Classification: Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat.
Karachay-Balkar
[krc] 236,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population includes 156,000 Karachay, 85,000 Balkar. Population total all countries: 241,038. Karachi-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Karachaevsk-Cherkessk is the capital. The Balkar are isolated. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Karachay, Karachai, Karachayla, Karachaitsy, Karacaylar. Dialects: Balkar, Karachay. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Karata
[kpt] 5,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Karatin, Kirdi, Karatai. Dialects: Tokita (Tokitin), Anchix. Karatin and Tokitin are quite different. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Karelian
[krl] 118,000 in Russia (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 128,000. Ethnic population: 172,000 in Russia. Karelia, Tver (Kalinin), St. Petersburg, and Murmansk oblasts. Petrozavodsk is the capital. Also spoken in Finland. Alternate names: Karely, Karelian Proper, Sobstvenno-Karel'skij-Jazyk, Severno-Karel'skij, Karel'skiy Jazyk. Dialects: Northern Karelian, Southern Karelian, Novgorod, Tver (Kalinin). Ludic and Livvi are separate languages. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Khvarshi
[khv] 500 (1990). Ethnic population: 500 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Xvarshi, Khvarshin. Dialects: Xvarshi, Inxokvari. Dialects are quite distinct. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Komi-Permyak
[koi] 116,000 (1979 census). Ethnic population: 151,000. Komi-Permyak National Okrug, west of the central Ural Mountains, south of Komi-Zyrian. Alternate names: Permyak, Komi-Permyat, Kama Permyak, Komi-Perm. Dialects: Zyudin, North Permyak (Kochin-Kam), South Permyak (Inyven). Possible difficulty in understanding among dialects. 80% cognate with Komi-Zyrian and Udmurt. Classification: Uralic, Permian, Komi.
Komi-Zyrian
[kpv] 262,200 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 345,000. Komi ASSR, 60' N. Lat., nearly to the Arctic Ocean. South of Yurak, west of the Vogul (Mansi) peoples. Capital is Syktywkar. Alternate names: Komi. Dialects: Yazva. Lexical similarity 80% with Komi-Permyak and Udmurt. Classification: Uralic, Permian, Komi.
Kumyk
[kum] 282,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 282,554. Southern Dagestan ASSR, northern and eastern Caucasian plain. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: Kumuk, Kumuklar, Kumyki. Dialects: Khasavyurt, Buinaksk, Khaikent. Dialects are apparently quite divergent. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Lak
[lbe] 112,100 in Russia. Population total all countries: 119,512. Ethnic population: 118,000 in Russia. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Laki, Kazikumukhtsy. Dialects: Kumux (Kumkh), Vicxin (Vitskhin), Vixlin (Vikhlin), Ashtikulin, Balxar-Calakan (Balkar-Tsalakan). Dialects are close. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lak.
Lezgi
[lez] 257,000 in Russia (1996). Population total all countries: 451,112. Southern Dagestan ASSR, the western Caspian Sea coast, central Caucasus. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Lezgian, Lezghi, Lezgin, Kiurinsty. Dialects: Kiuri, Akhty, Kuba, Gjunej, Garkin, Anyx, Stal. Some dialects are reported to not be inherently intelligible with others. Kuba is considerably different from the standard dialect. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Livvi
[olo] 14,142 in Russia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 19,314. Ethnic population: 140,000. Karelian Republic. 'Olonets' is the Russian name of their capital, which they call 'Anus', or 'Aunus' in Finnish. Also spoken in Finland. Alternate names: Olonetsian, Olonets, Livvikovian, Livvikovskij Jazyk, Southern Karelian. Dialects: Close to Karelian and Finnish. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ludian
[lud] 5,000 (2000 Salminen). Karelian ASSR. Alternate names: Lyudikovian, Lyudic, Ludic. Dialects: Ludian is transitional between Livvi and Veps. A separate language from Karelian (Juha Janhunen 1990). May be separate from Livvi. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Mari, Eastern
[mhr] 525,480 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 534,569. Ethnic population: 604,000. Mari ASSR, east of the Volga, Bashkir, Tatar, Udmurt ASSR, Perm, Sverov, Kirov Oblasts. Capital is Yoshkar-Ola, 500 km east of Moscow. Also spoken in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: Cheremis, Low Mari, Mari, Mari-Woods, Meadow Mari, Lugovo Mari. Dialects: Grassland Mari (Meadow Mari, Sernur-Morkin, Yoshkar-Olin, Volga). Classification: Uralic, Mari.
Mari, Western
[mrj] 66,000 (1993 UBS). Mari ASSR, south of the Volga, Gorno-Mariy, and some in Bashkortostan. Capital is Yoshkar-Ola. Alternate names: Cheremis, Gorno-Mariy, High Mari, Hill Mari, Mari-Hills. Dialects: Kozymodemyan, Yaran. Speakers have difficulty reading Eastern Mari because of lexical differences. There are also phonological and morphological differences. Classification: Uralic, Mari.
Moksha
[mdf] 296,904 (2000 WCD). Mordovia, southern. Saransk is the capital. Alternate names: Mordvin-Moksha, Mordov, Mordoff, Mokshan. Dialects: Considerable difference with Erzya. Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Nogai
[nog] 67,500 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 67,806. Ethnic population: 75,000. Northern Caucasus, Cherkes Ao. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Nogay, Noghay, Noghai, Noghaylar, Nogaitsy, Nogalar. Dialects: White Nogai (Ak), Black Nogai (Kara), Central Nogai. Dialect differences are slight. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Romani, Vlax
[rmy] 10,000 Kalderash in Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova. Russian SFSR, Odessa, Transcarpathia. Dialects: Central Vlax Romani, Kalderash. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax.
Russian
[rus] 117,863,645 in Russia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 145,031,551. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Russki. Dialects: North Russian, South Russian. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, East.
Russian Sign Language
[rsl] Moscow, Armavir, Gorky, Kazan, Kirov, Kolomna, Kujbyshev, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Rostov on Don, Sverdlovsk have schools for the deaf. Also used in Bulgaria. Dialects: Related to Austrian and French sign languages. Classification: Deaf sign language.
Rutul
[rut] 20,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 20,111. Ethnic population: 19,503 in Russia (1989 census). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan. Alternate names: Rutal, Rutuly, Rutultsy, Mykhanidy, Chal, Mukhad. Dialects: Shina, Borch, Ixreko-Muxrek. Dialects are not sharply defined. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, West Lezgic.
Saami, Akkala
[sia] 8 (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 100 (1995 M. Krauss). Southwest Kola Peninsula. Alternate names: Ahkkil, Babinsk, Babino. Dialects: Closest to Skolt. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern Nearly extinct.
Saami, Kildin
[sjd] 800 (2000 T. Salminen). 1,900 Saami in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Alternate names: "Kildin Lappish", "Lapp", Saam, Saami. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Skolt
[sms] 20 to 30 in Russia. Ethnic population: 400 in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). Northern and western Kola Peninsula around Petsamo. Alternate names: "Skolt Lappish", "Russian Lapp", "Lapp", Saam, Lopar, Kolta, Skolt. Dialects: Notozer, Yokan. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Ter
[sjt] 6 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 population (2000 Salminen). Alternate names: "Ter Lappish", "Lapp", Saam. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern Nearly extinct.
Serbian
[srp] 5,000 in Russia (1959 census). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western.
Tabassaran
[tab] 95,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 95,905. Ethnic population: 98,000 in Russia. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Tabasaran, Tabasarantsy, Ghumghum. Dialects: South Tabasaran, North Tabasaran (Khanag). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Tat, Muslim
[ttt] In Northern Caucasus (Dashestan) and a large community in Moscow. Alternate names: Mussulman Tati. Dialects: Northern Tats. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Tat.
Tatar
[tat] 464,669 in Russia (2000). Population total all countries: 1,610,032. Ethnic population: 6,645,588 in the former USSR (1989 census). Tatarstan, from Moscow to eastern Siberia. Capital is Kazan (Kasan), on the Volga River. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey (Europe), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Tartar. Dialects: Middle Tatar (Kazan), Western Tatar (Misher), Eastern Tatar (Siberian Tatar). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Tindi
[tin] 6,693 (2000 WCD). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Tindal, Tindin. Dialects: Bagvalal is closely related, but probably not inherently intelligible. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Tsakhur
[tkr] 7,000 in Russia. Southern Dagestan ASSR and Azerbaijan. Alternate names: Tsaxur, Caxur, Tsakhury. Dialects: Kirmico-Lek, Mikik, Misles. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, West Lezgic.
Udmurt
[udm] 550,000 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 565,786. Ethnic population: 750,000 in the former USSR. Udmurtia, 1,000 km northeast of Moscow, bounded by the Kama and Cheptsa rivers, near the Ural Mountains Izhyevsk (Ischewsk) is the capital. Also spoken in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: Votiak, Votyak. Dialects: North Udmurt (Besermyan, Udmurt), South Udmurt (Southwestern Udmurt). Classification: Uralic, Permian.
Veps
[vep] 6,355 (1990 A. Kibrik). Ethnic population: 13,500. Among Russian speakers, on the boundary between St. Petersburg and Vologda oblasts and in Karelian Republic. Half reportedly went to Finland during World War II. Alternate names: Vepsian, "Chudy", "Chuhari", "Chukhari". Dialects: Southern Veps, Central Veps, Prionezh (North Veps). Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Vod
[vot] 25 (1979 Valt). Ethnic population: 200 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Kingisepp area of St. Petersburg. Alternate names: Votian, Vote, Vodian, Votish, Votic. Dialects: East Vod, West Vod. Intelligible with Estonian of the northeast coast. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
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http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=RUE
Russia. 142,008,838. Population includes Europe and Asia regions. National or official language: Russian. See Russia, Europe and Russia, Asia for languages in the European and Asian regions, respectively. Literacy rate: 98% to 99%. Information mainly from T. Sebeok 1963; B. Comrie 1987; A. E. Kibrik 1991. Blind population: 350,000 in the former USSR (1982 WCE). Deaf institutions: 22. The number of languages listed for Russia is 105. Of those, 101 are living languages and 4 are extinct.
Living languages
Abaza
[abq] 34,800 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 44,895. Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Also spoken in Germany, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: Abazin, Abazintsy, Ashuwa. Dialects: Tapanta, Ashkaraua (Ashkar), Bezshagh. Some dialects are partially intelligible with Abkhaz. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Adyghe
[ady] 125,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 499,180. Adygea Republic. Maikop is the capital. Also spoken in Australia, Egypt, France, Germany, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Macedonia, Netherlands, Syria, Turkey (Asia), USA. Alternate names: Circassian, Lower Circassian, Kiakh, Kjax, West Circassian, Adygei, Adygey. Dialects: Shapsug (Sapsug), Xakuchi, Bezhedukh (Bzedux, Bzhedug, Bezhehux-Temirgoi, Temirgoj, Chemgui), Abadzex (Abadekh, Abadzeg), Natuzaj (Natukhai). Closest to Kabardian. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian.
Aghul
[agx] 17,373 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 17,405. Ethnic population: 17,728 in Russia (1989 census). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan. Alternate names: Agul, Aghulshuy, Aguly. Dialects: Koshan, Keren, Gekxun, Agul. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Akhvakh
[akv] 3,500 (1990). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Axvax. Dialects: Kaxib, Northern Akhvakh, Southern Akhvakh (Tlyanub, Tsegob). 'Dialects' are diverse; speakers communicate in Avar. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Andi
[ani] 10,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Andii, Qwannab, Andiy. Dialects: Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, Gagatl, Zilo. Dialects appear to be quite divergent. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Archi
[aqc] 1,000 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan. Alternate names: Archin, Archintsy. Dialects: One of the most divergent of the Lezgian languages. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Archi.
Avar
[ava] 556,000 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 600,959. Southern Dagestan ASSR and Terek and Sulak river areas. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: Avaro, Dagestani. Dialects: Salatav, Kunzakh (Xunzax, Northern Avar), Keleb, Bacadin, Untib, Shulanin, Kaxib, Hid, Andalal-Gxdatl, Karax (Karakh), Batlux, Ancux (Antsukh), Zakataly (Char). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Avar.
Bagvalal
[kva] 2,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Kvanadin, Kvanada, Bagwalal, Bagulal, Bagvalin, Barbalin. Dialects: Tlisi. Close to Tindin. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Bashkir
[bak] 1,800,000 in Russia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 1,871,383. Baskir ASSR, between the Volga River and Ural Mountains, and beyond the Urals. Ufa is the capital. Over 61% of the people live in cities. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Basquort, Bashkort. Dialects: Kuvakan (Mountain Bashkir), Yurmaty (Steppe Bashkir), Burzhan (Western Bashkir). Close to Tatar. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Bezhta
[kap] 3,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 4,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Bezhita, Bezheta, Bezhti, Bexita, Bechitin, Kapucha, Kupuca, Kapuchin. Dialects: Bezhta, Tlyadaly, Khocharkhotin. A separate language from Hunzib (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, East Tsezic.
Botlikh
[bph] 5,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Botlix. Dialects: Botlikh, Zibirkhalin. Close to Andi. Godoberi is a separate language (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Chamalal
[cji] 5,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Camalal, Chamalin. Dialects: Gadyri (Gachitl-Kvankhi), Gakvari (Agvali-Richaganik-Tsumada-Urukh), Gigatl. Dialects are quite distinct. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Chechen
[che] 944,600 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 955,600. Ethnic population: 956,879. Chechnya, north Caucasus. The capital is Syelzha Ghaala (Chechen name) or Grozny (Groznii; Russian name). 80% live in rural areas. Also spoken in Georgia, Germany, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Turkey (Asia), Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Nokhchiin, Nokchiin Muott, Galancho. Dialects: Ploskost, Itumkala (Shatoi), Melkhin, Kistin, Cheberloi, Akkin (Aux). Melkhi is the transitional dialect to Ingush. Chechen is at least partially intelligible with Ingush, more so with contact. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Chuvash
[chv] 1,800,000 in Russia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 1,834,394. Chuvashia, east of Moscow, near the Volga River. Cheboksary is their capital. About half live in towns (1995). Also spoken in Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Bulgar. Dialects: Anatri, Viryal. The only extant language in the Bolgar branch of Turkic. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Bolgar.
Dargwa
[dar] 365,000 in the former USSR (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 371,488. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Dargin, Dargi, Dargintsy, Khiurkilinskii. Dialects: Cudaxar (Tsudakhar), Akusha (Urkarax, Urakha-Akhush, Akkhusha), Uraxa-Axusha, Kajtak (Xajdak, Kaitak, Kaytak), Kubachi (Kubachin, Kubachintsy, Ughbug), Dejbuk, Xarbuk, Muirin, Sirxin, Itsari, Chirag. Kaytag, Kubachin, Itsari, and Chirag may be separate languages from Dargwa. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Dargi.
Dido
[ddo] 7,000 (1994 UBS). Ethnic population: 8,000 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Didoi, Tsez, Cez, Tsezy, Tsuntin. Dialects: Sagadin. Sagadin dialect is most distinct. Slight dialect differences from village to village. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Domari
[rmt] Karachi dialect is in the Caucasus, Luli and Maznoug in Uzbekistan. Dialects: Karachi, Luli, Maznoug. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom.
Erzya
[myv] 440,000 in Russia. Population total all countries: 517,575. Mordovian Republic, northern and eastern. Also in the adjacent regions of Nizhni Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Samara, Buguruslan, and the republics of Chuvassia, Tatarstan, and Bashkortostan. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Mordvin-Erzya, Mordvin, Erzia. Dialects: Quite different from Moksha. Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Finnish
[fin] 17,050 in Russia (2000). Ethnic population: 77,000 in Russia (1979 census). St. Petersburg area, Ingria Region. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ghodoberi
[gdo] 3,000 (1996). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Godoberi, Godoberin. Dialects: Close to Andi. A separate language from Botlikh (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Hinukh
[gin] 200 (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 300 (1990 Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Ginukh, Ginux, Ginukhtsy, Hinux. Dialects: Close to Tsez (Dido) but probably not inherently intelligible. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Hunzib
[huz] 2,000 (1995 H. Ven den Berg). Ethnic population: 2,000. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Gunzib, Xunzal, Khunzaly, Khunzal, Enzeb. Dialects: A separate language from Bezhta (B. Comrie 1989). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, East Tsezic.
Ingrian
[izh] 302 (1989 census). Ethnic population: 820 (1989 census). Baltic area, Kingisepp and Lomonosov areas of St. Petersburg Oblast. Alternate names: Izhor. Dialects: Soykin, Khava, Lower Luzh, Oredezh (Upper Luzh). Close to Karelian but the government considers them separate languages. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ingush
[inh] 230,315 in Russia (1989 census). Ethnic population: 237,438. Chechen Ingushetia, northern Caucasus, west of the Chechen. Vladikavkaz (Ordzhhonikidze) is the main city. Nazran in the lowlands is an important market town. 64.6% live in rural areas. Since 1992 up to 60,000 Ingush refugees are reported to be in Ingushetia. Also spoken in Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Ghalghay, Ingus. Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with Chechen, more so with contact. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Judeo-Tat
[jdt] 7,000 in Russia (1989 census). Dagestan ASSR, Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkar ASSR, in villages and ancient cities of the Caucasus mountains (Derbent, Makhachkale, Nalchik, Majalis, Pyatigorsk). Until recently they were in Grozny in Checheno-Ingush. None in Iran. Alternate names: Judeo-Tatic, Hebrew Tat.
Kabardian
[kbd] 443,000 in Russia. Population includes 46,000 Cherkes in Russia (1993 UBS), 97% speak it as first language. Population total all countries: 1,012,000. Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachai-Cherkessia. Naltshik is the capital. Also spoken in Saudi Arabia, Turkey (Asia), USA. Alternate names: Beslenei, Upper Circassian, East Circassian, Kabardino-Cherkes, Kabardo-Cherkes. Dialects: Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian.
Kalmyk-Oirat
[xal] 174,000 Kalmyk in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 518,500. The Kalmyk are in Kalmykia, the steppes between the Don and Volga rivers, lower Volga Region, now the Astrakhan Province. The capital is Elista. The Dorbot and Torgut live between the Volga and the Don, west of the Caspian and north of the Caucasus, in the Republic of Kalmykia. Also spoken in China, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Taiwan, USA. Alternate names: Kalmuk, Kalmuck, Kalmack, Qalmaq, Kalmytskii Jazyk, Khal:mag, Oirat, Volga Oirat, European Oirat, Western Mongolian. Dialects: Buzawa, Oirat, Torgut (Torguut, Torguud, Torghud, Torghoud), Dörböt (Dörböd, Derbet), Sart Qalmaq. Their language has diverged from other Mongolian languages and they are called 'Kalmyk' in Russia; 'Oirat' in China and Mongolia. In USA Kalmyk has not been heavily influenced by Russian as it has been in Russia. Different from other varieties in China called Oirat, which are sometimes called 'Asiatic Oirat'. Classification: Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat.
Karachay-Balkar
[krc] 236,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population includes 156,000 Karachay, 85,000 Balkar. Population total all countries: 241,038. Karachi-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Karachaevsk-Cherkessk is the capital. The Balkar are isolated. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Karachay, Karachai, Karachayla, Karachaitsy, Karacaylar. Dialects: Balkar, Karachay. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Karata
[kpt] 5,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Karatin, Kirdi, Karatai. Dialects: Tokita (Tokitin), Anchix. Karatin and Tokitin are quite different. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Karelian
[krl] 118,000 in Russia (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 128,000. Ethnic population: 172,000 in Russia. Karelia, Tver (Kalinin), St. Petersburg, and Murmansk oblasts. Petrozavodsk is the capital. Also spoken in Finland. Alternate names: Karely, Karelian Proper, Sobstvenno-Karel'skij-Jazyk, Severno-Karel'skij, Karel'skiy Jazyk. Dialects: Northern Karelian, Southern Karelian, Novgorod, Tver (Kalinin). Ludic and Livvi are separate languages. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Khvarshi
[khv] 500 (1990). Ethnic population: 500 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Xvarshi, Khvarshin. Dialects: Xvarshi, Inxokvari. Dialects are quite distinct. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Komi-Permyak
[koi] 116,000 (1979 census). Ethnic population: 151,000. Komi-Permyak National Okrug, west of the central Ural Mountains, south of Komi-Zyrian. Alternate names: Permyak, Komi-Permyat, Kama Permyak, Komi-Perm. Dialects: Zyudin, North Permyak (Kochin-Kam), South Permyak (Inyven). Possible difficulty in understanding among dialects. 80% cognate with Komi-Zyrian and Udmurt. Classification: Uralic, Permian, Komi.
Komi-Zyrian
[kpv] 262,200 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 345,000. Komi ASSR, 60' N. Lat., nearly to the Arctic Ocean. South of Yurak, west of the Vogul (Mansi) peoples. Capital is Syktywkar. Alternate names: Komi. Dialects: Yazva. Lexical similarity 80% with Komi-Permyak and Udmurt. Classification: Uralic, Permian, Komi.
Kumyk
[kum] 282,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 282,554. Southern Dagestan ASSR, northern and eastern Caucasian plain. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Turkey (Asia). Alternate names: Kumuk, Kumuklar, Kumyki. Dialects: Khasavyurt, Buinaksk, Khaikent. Dialects are apparently quite divergent. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Lak
[lbe] 112,100 in Russia. Population total all countries: 119,512. Ethnic population: 118,000 in Russia. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Laki, Kazikumukhtsy. Dialects: Kumux (Kumkh), Vicxin (Vitskhin), Vixlin (Vikhlin), Ashtikulin, Balxar-Calakan (Balkar-Tsalakan). Dialects are close. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lak.
Lezgi
[lez] 257,000 in Russia (1996). Population total all countries: 451,112. Southern Dagestan ASSR, the western Caspian Sea coast, central Caucasus. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Lezgian, Lezghi, Lezgin, Kiurinsty. Dialects: Kiuri, Akhty, Kuba, Gjunej, Garkin, Anyx, Stal. Some dialects are reported to not be inherently intelligible with others. Kuba is considerably different from the standard dialect. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Livvi
[olo] 14,142 in Russia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 19,314. Ethnic population: 140,000. Karelian Republic. 'Olonets' is the Russian name of their capital, which they call 'Anus', or 'Aunus' in Finnish. Also spoken in Finland. Alternate names: Olonetsian, Olonets, Livvikovian, Livvikovskij Jazyk, Southern Karelian. Dialects: Close to Karelian and Finnish. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ludian
[lud] 5,000 (2000 Salminen). Karelian ASSR. Alternate names: Lyudikovian, Lyudic, Ludic. Dialects: Ludian is transitional between Livvi and Veps. A separate language from Karelian (Juha Janhunen 1990). May be separate from Livvi. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Mari, Eastern
[mhr] 525,480 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 534,569. Ethnic population: 604,000. Mari ASSR, east of the Volga, Bashkir, Tatar, Udmurt ASSR, Perm, Sverov, Kirov Oblasts. Capital is Yoshkar-Ola, 500 km east of Moscow. Also spoken in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: Cheremis, Low Mari, Mari, Mari-Woods, Meadow Mari, Lugovo Mari. Dialects: Grassland Mari (Meadow Mari, Sernur-Morkin, Yoshkar-Olin, Volga). Classification: Uralic, Mari.
Mari, Western
[mrj] 66,000 (1993 UBS). Mari ASSR, south of the Volga, Gorno-Mariy, and some in Bashkortostan. Capital is Yoshkar-Ola. Alternate names: Cheremis, Gorno-Mariy, High Mari, Hill Mari, Mari-Hills. Dialects: Kozymodemyan, Yaran. Speakers have difficulty reading Eastern Mari because of lexical differences. There are also phonological and morphological differences. Classification: Uralic, Mari.
Moksha
[mdf] 296,904 (2000 WCD). Mordovia, southern. Saransk is the capital. Alternate names: Mordvin-Moksha, Mordov, Mordoff, Mokshan. Dialects: Considerable difference with Erzya. Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Nogai
[nog] 67,500 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 67,806. Ethnic population: 75,000. Northern Caucasus, Cherkes Ao. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Nogay, Noghay, Noghai, Noghaylar, Nogaitsy, Nogalar. Dialects: White Nogai (Ak), Black Nogai (Kara), Central Nogai. Dialect differences are slight. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Romani, Vlax
[rmy] 10,000 Kalderash in Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova. Russian SFSR, Odessa, Transcarpathia. Dialects: Central Vlax Romani, Kalderash. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax.
Russian
[rus] 117,863,645 in Russia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 145,031,551. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Russki. Dialects: North Russian, South Russian. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, East.
Russian Sign Language
[rsl] Moscow, Armavir, Gorky, Kazan, Kirov, Kolomna, Kujbyshev, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Rostov on Don, Sverdlovsk have schools for the deaf. Also used in Bulgaria. Dialects: Related to Austrian and French sign languages. Classification: Deaf sign language.
Rutul
[rut] 20,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 20,111. Ethnic population: 19,503 in Russia (1989 census). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan. Alternate names: Rutal, Rutuly, Rutultsy, Mykhanidy, Chal, Mukhad. Dialects: Shina, Borch, Ixreko-Muxrek. Dialects are not sharply defined. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, West Lezgic.
Saami, Akkala
[sia] 8 (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 100 (1995 M. Krauss). Southwest Kola Peninsula. Alternate names: Ahkkil, Babinsk, Babino. Dialects: Closest to Skolt. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern Nearly extinct.
Saami, Kildin
[sjd] 800 (2000 T. Salminen). 1,900 Saami in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Alternate names: "Kildin Lappish", "Lapp", Saam, Saami. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Skolt
[sms] 20 to 30 in Russia. Ethnic population: 400 in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). Northern and western Kola Peninsula around Petsamo. Alternate names: "Skolt Lappish", "Russian Lapp", "Lapp", Saam, Lopar, Kolta, Skolt. Dialects: Notozer, Yokan. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Ter
[sjt] 6 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 population (2000 Salminen). Alternate names: "Ter Lappish", "Lapp", Saam. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern Nearly extinct.
Serbian
[srp] 5,000 in Russia (1959 census). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western.
Tabassaran
[tab] 95,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 95,905. Ethnic population: 98,000 in Russia. Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Tabasaran, Tabasarantsy, Ghumghum. Dialects: South Tabasaran, North Tabasaran (Khanag). Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Tat, Muslim
[ttt] In Northern Caucasus (Dashestan) and a large community in Moscow. Alternate names: Mussulman Tati. Dialects: Northern Tats. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Tat.
Tatar
[tat] 464,669 in Russia (2000). Population total all countries: 1,610,032. Ethnic population: 6,645,588 in the former USSR (1989 census). Tatarstan, from Moscow to eastern Siberia. Capital is Kazan (Kasan), on the Volga River. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey (Europe), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Tartar. Dialects: Middle Tatar (Kazan), Western Tatar (Misher), Eastern Tatar (Siberian Tatar). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Tindi
[tin] 6,693 (2000 WCD). Southern Dagestan ASSR. Alternate names: Tindal, Tindin. Dialects: Bagvalal is closely related, but probably not inherently intelligible. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Tsakhur
[tkr] 7,000 in Russia. Southern Dagestan ASSR and Azerbaijan. Alternate names: Tsaxur, Caxur, Tsakhury. Dialects: Kirmico-Lek, Mikik, Misles. Classification: North Caucasian, East Caucasian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, West Lezgic.
Udmurt
[udm] 550,000 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 565,786. Ethnic population: 750,000 in the former USSR. Udmurtia, 1,000 km northeast of Moscow, bounded by the Kama and Cheptsa rivers, near the Ural Mountains Izhyevsk (Ischewsk) is the capital. Also spoken in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: Votiak, Votyak. Dialects: North Udmurt (Besermyan, Udmurt), South Udmurt (Southwestern Udmurt). Classification: Uralic, Permian.
Veps
[vep] 6,355 (1990 A. Kibrik). Ethnic population: 13,500. Among Russian speakers, on the boundary between St. Petersburg and Vologda oblasts and in Karelian Republic. Half reportedly went to Finland during World War II. Alternate names: Vepsian, "Chudy", "Chuhari", "Chukhari". Dialects: Southern Veps, Central Veps, Prionezh (North Veps). Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Vod
[vot] 25 (1979 Valt). Ethnic population: 200 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). Kingisepp area of St. Petersburg. Alternate names: Votian, Vote, Vodian, Votish, Votic. Dialects: East Vod, West Vod. Intelligible with Estonian of the northeast coast. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
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